September 4, 2008

“Pancreatitis”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

The pancreas is an organ in the abdominal cavity which lies next to the small intestine.  It is responsible for producing the enzymes necessary for food digestion.    When this organ becomes inflamed, the pancreas begins to digest itself.  The cause is unknown, but obesity and a high fat diet are predisposing factors.  Schnauzers are the breed most commonly affected.

The signs to watch for are lethargy and loss of appetite.  Most pets will vomit and possibly have diarrhea.  A very common sign is severe abdominal pain.  Your veterinarian can diagnose and treat this problem.  The history and physical exam will lead to the diagnosis.  Blood work will be used to evaluate your dog’s health and help with therapeutic decisions.  The serum amylase and lipase are blood values often elevated with pancreatitis.  An x-ray and/or ultrasound will help to evaluate the pancreas.  A new, quick and reliable in house test (Snap cPL) can help to make a speedy diagnosis.

Pancreatitis can be life-threatening and requires intensive therapy.  IV fluids are started to prevent dehydration.  Antibiotics are given to prevent secondary infection.  Antiemetics are administered to slow down the vomiting.  Abdominal pain is treated with analgesics.  Food and water are withheld for at least 48 hours.  Avoidance of table food and high fat food is necessary to prevent reoccurrence.

August 21, 2008

“Hypothyroidism”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland (located in the neck) fails to produce enough thyroid hormone, thyroxine.  The disorder is most common in dogs between 5 to 10 years of age.  Common breeds affected are golden retrievers, dachshunds, and boxers.  The cause is usually the immune system destroying the gland or aging deterioration of the organ.

Thyroxine affects nearly all the body systems, so signs are variable.  Lethargy and weight gain are common.  Skin conditions (hairloss and infections) are frequently observed.  Slow heartrate  and infertility are reported.  Seizures can also result from low thyroxine.  Diagnosis can be made by your veterinarian based on signs, examination, and blood testing.

Hypothyroidism is usually easily controlled with medication.  These daily doses have to be continued for the life of the pet.  Periodic rechecking of blood work needs to be done to assure proper levels are maintained.  Most clinical signs can be reversed within a few months.

August 28, 2008

“Hyperthyroidism”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland in the neck overproduces thyroid hormone.  It is most common in cats 10 years and older.  The disease causes multiple effects on many organ systems.  Most cats lose weight in spite of a voracious appetite. They will appear restless, hyperactive and vocalize more.  Increased drinking, urination, vomiting and diarrhea are not uncommon.  Increased heart and respiratory rate will also occur.

The diagnosis can be easily made by your veterinarian.  A blood test measuring your cat’s thyroid hormone (T4) gives a definitive diagnosis.  A good physical exam and a CBC, chemistry panel is also performed to make sure that the cat is otherwise healthy.  Sometimes, a chest x-ray is done to assess the heart.

August 14, 2008

“Cat Scratch Fever”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Cat Scratch Fever (actually called cat scratch disease) is an infection in humans that most often occurs after being scratched by a cat infected with the bacterium Bartonella henselae.  Kittens under one year of age (especially those infested with fleas) are most likely to have the bacteria in their bloodstream.  Fleas play a major role in the transmission from cat-to-cat and possibly cat-to-human.  Children and immune-compromised people are most at risk.

Cats can be infected with the organism for months to years and never show any clinical signs.  Some cats exhibit lethargy, fever, lymph node enlargement, and conjunctivitis.  Signs in humans include red to purple raised-skin lesions on the face, trunk, or extremities.  Fever, vomiting and weight loss can occur.

Cats with no clinical signs do not require treatment.  Cats and people with signs generally respond to symptomatic therapy and long-term antibiotics.  It is imperative to control fleas both in the environment and on the pet.

July 28, 2008

“Cruciate Ligament Rupture”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

The cruciate ligament is located within the knee and functions to stabilize the joint.  The ligament is torn as a result of trauma or by a gradual, progressive, age-related breakdown.  When the tear is complete, the pet will refuse to bear weight on the leg.  When there is a partial tear, there is intermittent lameness which is more obvious after heavy exercise.

The diagnosis can be made by your veterinarian.  The pet will be observed while walking and trotting.  The knee joint is felt for thickening, swelling, and pain.  Both legs are examined for comparison.  A cranial drawer test is performed to look for abnormal sliding of the tibia and femur bones; a motion that should not be present an intact, cruciate ligament.  Often the pet is sedated for a full knee exam and x-rays are taken to look for other problems as well as assess arthritic buildup.

Small pets (less than 25 lbs.) can sometimes heal without surgery.  Strict cage confinement, weight loss and anti-inflammatory medication will facilitate the repairing process.  Large dogs (greater than 25 lbs.) benefit from surgery, preventing chronic lameness.  There are multiple surgical options.  A newer option, called a TPLO, is often performed by a veterinary orthopedic surgeon for the best results.

July 21, 2008

“Abscesses”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

An abscess is a fairly common problem in dogs and cats.  It usually will develop after an infected area heals over on the surface sealing off infection within.  The initial cause of infection is usually secondary to a bite from another animal.

Pets with abscesses usually are listless and lose their appetite.  A fever is common and there is tenderness at the site of infection.  The tissue will liquefy into pus and the skin can break open and drain a foul smelling fluid.

If the abscess does not rupture on its own, your veterinarian should handle this.  Usually under anesthesia (to avoid the pain and prevent more damage) the abscess is lanced.  A flush solution is used to clean the area.  Sometimes, dead and dying tissue is removed.  Antibiotics and pain medications are started to ease the discomfort and rid the area of infection.  Protective collars are sometimes used to prevent the pet from licking the area.

July 10, 2008

“Feline Urinary Blockage”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

A fairly common, life-threatening complication to urinary tract infections in male cats is urinary blockage.  The blood, mucus and crystals that develop in the bladder form a plug at the tip of the cat’s penis, blocking the urine flow.   If the blockage continues, then toxins can build up resulting in death.

The male cat will often sit in the litter box and vocalize while straining to urinate.  Signs of pain, loss of appetite, and vomiting can occur.  Your veterinarian can make the diagnosis by feeling a large, hard bladder in which no urine comes out with gentle pressure.  Bloodwork is usually done to assess the extent of the toxin build up.

The patient is usually sedated and a urinary catheter is placed, relieving the obstruction.  The catheter is usually left in place for 12 to 24 hours to facilitate the passage of debris.  The cat will usually receive IV fluids to correct kidney and electrolyte problems.  Antibiotics are started to stop infections and pain medications are begun.

If you own a male cat, you need to be aware of the signs of urinary blockage and seek immediate medical attention if you suspect this condition.  Most felines are placed on a special diet to prevent urinary obstructions from reoccurring in the future.

July 3, 2008

“How Old is Your Pet, Really?”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

A common question that veterinarians are asked is “How old is my dog/cat in relation to human years?”  The old seven-year rule does not apply anymore.  Below is a helpful guide which will assist you in determining just how old your pet really is.  You will notice that the smaller the pet, the longer the lifespan.  There is definitely a correlation between size and age.

(Chart developed by Dr. Fred L. Metzger, DVM, State College, PA. Courtesy of Pfizer Animal Health.)

June 12, 2008

“Know the Signs of GDV”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

While on duty at the Animal Emergency Clinic in Conroe this Saturday, I was presented with two back-to-back cases of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV).  This condition is often referred to as “bloat” or “gastric torsion.”  If the client does not recognize that this is occurring and rush the pet to a veterinarian, the patient will die.

Deep-chested breeds (German Shepherds, Great Danes, Irish Setters) are more commonly affected.  The true cause is unknown, but air accumulates in the stomach (gastric dilation) causing the stomach to twist (volvulus).  Thus, the esophagus and small intestine outflow is obstructed and more gas accumulates.  Return blood flow is stopped leading to organ failure, shock, and death.

Signs to watch for are excessive drooling with retching (unproductive attempts to vomit).  The pet will appear restless and have abdominal pain.  The classic sign is an obvious distention, air-filled stomach but this is not always evident at the beginning of the episode.

Your veterinarian can make the diagnosis based on an x-ray.  Intravenous fluids and stomach decompression are started immediately.  Medication is administered to prevent shock and infection (steroids and antibiotics).  If the stomach is twisted, immediate surgery is necessary.

As of the time of writing this article, both patients were doing well.  These clients were very quick at identifying that their pet had a problem and got medical attention immediately.  The staff at the Animal Emergency Clinic in Conroe diagnosed and treated the patients rapidly.  GDV is considered the “mother of all emergencies” because time is truly of the essence for a successful result.

June 5, 2008

“Heatstroke”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist) 

Heatstroke is a condition that is more common during the summer months. The rectal temperature rises above 105 ̊F which leads to failure of vital organs and possibly death.  It is caused from excessive activity, airway obstruction, and unfortunately, from pets being left in vehicles with closed windows.  Puppies and older dogs, overweight pets and short-nosed (brachycephalic) breeds are at greatest risk.

Common signs are noisy breathing with excessive panting.  The pet might appear altered mentally and have a bright red gum color.  They get very weak and collapse.  Seizures can also take place.  Contact your veterinarian immediately if there is even a remote possibility of a heatstroke.  History and physical exam will usually lead to the diagnosis.  Blood work is performed to assess the organs and electrolyte status.

The intensity of the treatment varies based on the severity of the pet’s presentation.  Fans and cool water baths are used immediately.  Intravenous fluids are initiated to keep the organs from shutting down.  Supplemental oxygen is often used.  Sometimes steroids are used to prevent shock and antibiotics are started to prevent secondary infections.  DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) is a body-wide failure of blood clotting that happens secondary to heat strokes.  Most pets die if this occurs.

To prevent heatstroke, minimize your pet’s activity on hot, humid days and exercise in the mornings or evenings only.  Make sure to provide plenty of water.  And finally, NEVER leave a pet in a vehicle (windows partially opened or not) for even for a short period of time.

May 29, 2008

“Lick Granuloma”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

A lick granuloma (also referred to as an acral lick) is a common condition in which a dog excessively licks an area of the body.  Usually, the lower front leg is the location.  Mature, male, active, large breed dogs (German shepherds, Golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers) are generally affected.  The area is licked until a raised, firm, ulcerated lesion is formed.  Secondary infection occurs making the spot more irritated and itchier, which perpetuates the problem.

Allergies to the environment, fleas or food, can be the cause.  Pets might lick secondary to pain or arthritis.  Commonly, boredom or an emotional/behavioral problem is the instigator.  Your veterinarian can make the diagnosis based on physical exam.  Sometimes, skin scrapings, cultures or biopsies are performed to rule out other conditions.

Lick granulomas are frustrating to treat.  No therapy is uniformly successful.  Various methods may need to be attempted.  If allergies are the cause, they should be addressed.  Boredom can be corrected with an increase in exercise and playtime.  Sometimes getting another pet will help, but this may be the source of the problem.  Antibiotics are regularly used for a long period of time.  Antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications are prescribed.  Bitter tasting ointments are routinely applied to affected area.  Just remember, do not give up because most of these spots can eventually be resolved.

May 22, 2008

“Urinary Incontinence”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

The loss of voluntary control of urination is referred to as urinary incontinence.  This is most common in middle-aged, medium to large size, spayed female dogs.  A circular muscle at the opening of the bladder, called the sphincter muscle, keeps most pets from leaking urine.  When this muscle weakens, incontinence occurs.  The signs that your pet has this condition include a dripping of urine, finding wet spots where the pet sleeps, and sometimes, irritated skin from continued contact with urine.

Other medical conditions can cause frequent urination and must be distinguished from incontinence.  Urinary tract infections can be diagnosed by your veterinarian.  A metabolic problem that causes increased thirst and urination (example: diabetes) can be detected with bloodwork.  Bladder stones or tumors can be excluded with radiographs or ultrasounds.

The most common prescribed drug used to increase the tone of the sphincter muscle is phenylpropanolamine.   A hormone, diethylstilbestrol (DES), is also used to treat incontinence.  Most cases of urinary incontinence can be controlled with medication.

The occurrence of pet urinary accidents in the home can test even the best owner’s patience.  Frustration can lead to placing the animal outside to live, and in some cases, euthanasia is considered.  Before making such desperate decisions, please consult your veterinarian for assistance with your pet.

May 15, 2008

“Senility”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Advances in medicine have enabled people as well as their pets to live longer.  With the increase in life expectancy, changes take place in all organ systems, including the brain.  Senility (also referred to as cognitive dysfunction) is a growing concern for pet owners whose dogs have passed the age of 10.

Not all pets show every sign of senility and the disease is considered progressive (as time goes on, the disease worsens).  Reduced activity with increased sleeping is noted.  They have diminished response to commands with apparent deafness.  Confusion and disorientation might occur with the inability to recognize loved ones.  Some geriatric dogs exhibit loss of bladder and bowel control.  There might be difficulty in navigating previously familiar environments.  Some senior pets appear agitated or bark for no particular reason.

Deprenyl (Anipryl®) is a medication used to reverse the clinical signs of cognitive dysfunction for a period of time in many pets.  A prescription diet is also available to assist in continuing the patient’s quality of life.  If your pet exhibits these signs, a veterinarian should be consulted for a diagnosis and treatment plan.

May 8, 2008

"Snakebites"

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

During this time of year, it is not unusual for dogs and cats to be bitten by poisonous snakes.   These are most commonly water moccasins, copperheads and the occasional rattlesnake.  Poisonous snakes are distinguished by a triangular head and  a pit located between the nostril and eye (called “pit vipers”).  The severity of the bite is related to the type of snake, the size of the animal bitten, and the amount of venom injected.

Most snakebites occur in outdoor dogs and cats during the spring and summer on the legs and head, especially the muzzle.   This happens when the pet plays and investigates in an area where snakes live.  The pet will often cry out and dart away from the area it was exploring.  Within minutes, there will be swelling at the site of the bite.  Pain, oozing blood, drooling, rapid breathing and weakness are common signs.

All pets that are bitten should be taken to a veterinarian immediately for prompt treatment.  Therapy varies depending on the signs of toxicity displayed.  Diphenhydramine (benedryl) is typically given to reduce the signs of allergic reaction.  Anti-inflammatories are administered to decrease swelling.  Pain medications are given to make the pet more comfortable.  Antibiotics are used to prevent secondary infections.  Hospitalization with intravenous fluids is recommended in severe cases.

May 1, 2008

“Cuterebra”      

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

A cuterebra is a fly whose larval (worm) stage infests the skin of small mammals, especially cats.  The fly is rarely seen by people and does not search for animals.  They lay eggs on plants where outside cats tend to roam and investigate.  When the animal’s head and neck come into contact with these eggs, they stick to the pet’s hair.  The egg hatches into the larval form and enters the body through open wounds, mouth or nostrils.  The larvae incubate in a subcutaneous (below the skin) area.  Eventually, a breathing hole forms.  After about a month, the larvae will surface from the hole and fall to the ground.   In time, an adult fly forms and the cycle begins again.  Infestations are more frequent in the summer and fall seasons.

Pet owners usually observe swelling and matted hair in the infected area.  Diagnosis of a cuterebra is determined by spotting the breathing hole and worm.  Some cats display fever and pain in the area.  Removal of the larvae should only be performed by a veterinarian because serious side effects can occur if the extraction is not done properly.  Usually under anesthesia, the breathing hole is enlarged and the worm is removed in one piece.  The area is flushed and the pet is put on antibiotics and sometimes pain medications.  Once the larva is removed, the affected area will heal on its own.

April 24, 2008

“Diabetes Mellitus”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Diabetes mellitus (often referred to as sugar diabetes) is a condition of cats and dogs.  Affected animals can not produce enough insulin (the hormone necessary for sugar or glucose metabolism in the body).  Middle-aged to older female dogs and male cats are more often affected.  Obesity, recurring pancreatitis and steroids are contributing causes.

Classic signs of diabetes are increased thirst and need to urinate.  Weight loss, despite a good appetite, occurs.  Also, blindness, lethargy and poor body condition are often seen.  Urine and blood tests will show high levels of sugar and exclude other diseases.  The therapy consists of one or two daily injections of insulin.  This is readily accomplished at home by most pet owners.  A special, often high-fiber diet as well as regular exercise are needed.  Your veterinarian will make adjustments in insulin therapy based on periodic blood glucose curves and/or fructosamine tests.  Owners need to observe for the resolution of the excessive thirst, urination, and appetite.  A client must be very careful with treatment because insulin overdose can cause blood sugar to be too low resulting in disorientation, weakness, and seizures.

A dedicated, committed and educated pet owner (with proper veterinary guidance) can result in cats and dogs leading a long, quality life with diabetes.

April 17, 2008

“Heartworm Disease in Dogs”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Heartworm Disease is extremely common in many parts of the world.  The worm Dirofilaria immitis settles in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs.  In tropical regions where mosquitoes reside, baby heartworms are injected into dogs as they are bitten.  These worms become adults in the heart in 3 to 4 months and cause the heart to be overburdened.  Heartworm disease is most prevalent in outside dogs, but those that live entirely indoors (as well as cats) can be infected.

Symptoms can develop within months to years after the infection.  These signs can be very mild or severe and lead to heart failure.  Pets will usually cough (sometimes blood).  Heavy breathing and exercise intolerance can occur.  Distention of the belly with fluid is common.  Decreased appetite and weight loss is also a common complaint.

Your veterinarian can diagnose heartworms with a simple, quick blood test.  Radiographs (x-rays) and more blood tests will assess how far the disease has progressed and enable a treatment plan to begin.   Some pets are placed on medicines (steroids, diuretics and antibiotics) prior to treatment.  Treatment consists of injections of an arsenic-like compound in the muscles of the back.  Strict exercise limitations are required for successful treatment, but this process is not without risk.

Heartworm disease is practically 100% preventable.  Monthly oral and topical preventions are readily available through your veterinarian.  Many of the preventative medications also prevent intestinal worms as well as fleas.

April 10, 2008

“Taking Care of Your Pet’s Teeth”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Proper dental care is necessary for keeping your pet healthy and happy.  Although frequently unnoticed, pets can experience the same types of dental issues as humans; including severe pain, infection, and tooth loss.   By learning about the basics of tooth care and working closely with your veterinarian, many dental problems can be prevented and if they do occur, they can be solved. 

Most dental issues start small and form over time for pets.  Beginning at a very young age, food particles, bacteria and debris can accumulate at the gum line and below the gums to form plaque.  Without proper dental attention, plaque can solidify to develop into calculus and become a serious oral condition such as gingivitis, periodontitis and stomatitis.  Veterinarians also believe that bacteria linked to tooth and gum disease can travel to internal body systems and cause infections in organs like the heart, liver and kidney.  Therefore, a dental prevention program could even help lengthen a pet’s life.

 Periodontal disease is a very common disease of small animals in which pets often suffer quietly.  Your veterinarian may recommend a dental cleaning or a tooth extraction to alleviate the pain.  Regular dental care can brighten your smile and your pet’s smile, too.

April 3, 2008

“Ehrlichiosis”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Ehrlichia is a small microscopic organism in the rickettsial family, different from both bacteria and viruses.  The disease is spread by ticks.  It can be seen in any age and breed of dogs, but middle-aged, purebreds (especially German Shepherds) are most susceptible.

There are three phases of illness.  The first phase occurs 1 to 3 weeks after the tick bite.  During this time, the platelets (particles in our blood responsible for clotting) decrease in number.  The dog will be listless, anorexic, and have a fever.  In the second phase, the pet appears normal as the ehrlichia organism hides in the spleen for months to years.  In the third phase, the pet gets sick again.  Bleeding tendencies, arthritic signs and kidney disease can occur.

Diagnosis is made by your veterinarian based on clinical signs, a low platelet count and often mild anemia.  A positive blood test for antibodies to the organism implies exposure but not always active infection.  Therapy depends on the severity of clinical signs.  Antibiotic therapy with doxycycline is the mainstay of treatment.  Intravenous fluids and blood transfusion are sometimes indicated.  Prevention is possible by decreasing tick exposure through spot-ons and tick collars.

March 27, 2008

“Lipomas”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contibuting Columnist)

A lipoma is a soft, round, somewhat moveable lump of slow-growing cells of fat usually found under the skin.  They are usually spotted by owners when petting or grooming their pets.  They do not cause pain or hair loss and are usually harmless.  Lipomas are common in middle-aged, overweight dogs but they can also appear in cats.  Common breed tendencies are cocker spaniels, dachshunds, poodles and golden retrievers.  They grow slowly and do not spread or metastasize.  Occasionally, large lipomas can interfere with movement (if in the groin or armpits) or hamper movement (from friction at the breastbone/chest).

Your veterinarian can examine lumps on your pet to make the diagnosis of a lipoma.  This is done by aspirating the growth with a needle and examining the contents under a microscope.  A true biopsy is sometimes needed to confirm the diagnosis.  It is not uncommon for pets to develop multiple lipomas in many locations.  Lipomas can be removed surgically.  This is frequently done when pets are scheduled for other anesthetic procedures such as a dental cleaning.

Most lipomas sit in a pouch or case separated from surrounding tissue.  Occasionally, some lipomas invade underlying muscle tissue (then referred to as infiltrative lipomas).  These are more common in the extremities (limbs).  This type of lipoma is more difficult to control, but still should not progress to other areas of the body.

March 20, 2008

“Ringworm”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Contrary to popular belief, ringworm is not caused by a worm but is really a fungal infection of the skin.  It is considered contagious from animal to animal and from animal to human.  Direct contact can spread the disease, but it can also be contracted from contaminated objects.  Contributing factors are high stress environments (shelters and catteries), lowered immune systems (from feline leukemia and feline AIDS) and poor nutrition.

The classic sign of ringworm is a circular area of hair loss; however, any change in the hair coat may be consistent with the fungus.  The skin might appear scaly and inflamed.  Itching is sometimes noted.  It must be remembered that some cats will suffer from severe skin disease and others will have only minor lesions to none at all (carriers).  Your veterinarian can diagnose the problem based on physical exam as well as a DTM (fungal culture).  A fluorescent Woods lamp exam can detect ringworm in some instances.

To effectively cure ringworm, the pet and the environment must be treated.  Some cats can resolve an infection spontaneously over several months but treatment is recommended.  The main two oral medications used are griseofulvin and lufenuron.  Topical treatment consists of lime sulfur dips, medicated shampoos, and topical sprays or ointments.  The pet’s environment needs to be frequently and thoroughly cleaned.

March 13, 2008

“Parvovirus”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Parvovirus is a virus which infects and destroys the cells of the intestines resulting in vomiting and diarrhea.  In addition, the bone marrow is invaded causing a decrease in the white blood cell count producing an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. The disease can vary from mild to fatal.  Parvovirus is extremely contagious to other dogs but not to cats and humans.  Infection occurs after ingestion of material contaminated by dog feces.  Direct dog contact is not necessary as the virus lives for months to years.  Canines at highest risk are puppies which have not completed their initial vaccine series, but all dogs can be infected.  Especially susceptible breeds are Doberman Pinchers, Rottweiler and Pit Bulls.

Parvovirus is an acute and serious disease.  Co-infection with parasites, bacteria, and other viruses increase susceptibility.  Symptoms occur 3 to 14 days after exposure and consist of depression, loss of appetite and vomiting.  The classic symptom is foul-smelling, bloody diarrhea.  A very reliable fecal test is available to detect the virus.  In addition, a CBC (complete blood count) will usually indicate a very low white blood cell count.  Therapy is variable and dependent upon the severity of the clinical symptoms.  Dehydration is controlled with IV (intravenous) fluids or SQ (subcutaneous) fluids.  Antibiotics are used to control secondary bacterial infections.  Antiemetics are administered to control vomiting.  Gastrointestinal protectents are used to slow down the diarrhea.  Pain medicine may also be administered.  Fifty to seventy-five percent of affected dogs will survive if the disease is detected early and treated aggressively.

February 28, 2008

"Ear Hematoma"

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

An ear hematoma is an accumulation of blood within the cartilage layers of the ear.  This condition is more common in dogs, but can occur in cats as well.  They appear as fluid-filled swellings on the underside surface of the ear.  The ear flap may partially or completely swell with blood.  This swelling may be so large that the opening of the ear canal is closed off.  The extra weight is uncomfortable, and when left untreated may lead to permanent damage in the appearance of the ear.  A very important point is that a hematoma is a secondary result of an underlying ear disorder.  Any condition that leads to head shaking or ear scratching can cause them.  Your veterinarian can determine the exact cause (allergy, bacterial infection, ear mites, or tumor) and repair the hematoma.

There are many ways of correcting ear hematomas.  If left alone, it will resolve itself, but excessive scarring will occur leading to an ear which is not cosmetically appealing (a cauliflower ear) and which is more prone to infection in the future.  Simple draining of the hematoma usually will not work because it leaves the space to readily refill with fluid.  A common surgical procedure involves making an incision and draining the fluid, then suturing the skin to the underlying cartilage.  Sutures are left in place two to three weeks to prevent refilling from occurring.  A newer technique involves inserting a tube or cannula into the ear tip to drain for several weeks.

February 21, 2008

“Giardia”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Giardia is a worldwide protozoan parasite which infects humans and animals.  Infections are most common in young animals and those pets in confinement (kennels, shelters, pet stores).  Infective cysts are passes in the feces and can remain viable in the environment for months.  Pets are infected by ingesting these cysts in contaminated water from puddles, streams, lakes, and wells.

Giardia causes disease by damaging the intestines which leads to vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and flatulence (gas).  Your veterinarian can often diagnose this parasite with a fecal exam.  It must be remembered that a positive fecal is conclusive evidence, but this test may be negative in infected animals.  There is also an ELISA test which detects substances given off by Giardia which can aid in the diagnosis.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic that is widely used to treat Giardia in pets and people.  It has reasonable efficacy and the added advantage of being effective against other organisms that also cause diarrhea.  Fenbendazole is a dewormer that kills hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms but also is very effective against Giardia.  Pet owners should remove feces from kennels, runs, and yards.  Avoid allowing pets to drink from puddles, streams, and lakes.   In addition, regularly bathe animals to remove infected feces from the hair coat.

February 14, 2008

"Safety Around Pets"

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

It is very common for us to include our pets in most aspects of our daily activities.  We must always be aware of their presence and take extra care that they are not injured (like you would with a child).  I present the following two cases to illustrate this point.  The owner is a friend of mine and a very caring pet owner who just happed to have his dogs in the wrong place at the wrong time.

“Toby” is a four-year old, 113 lb, male Labrador Retriever.  The owner was cutting down a tree which according to him measured two feet in diameter.  The tree inadvertently fell on “Toby” and pinned him down.  The pet was taken to the Animal Emergency Clinic in Conroe where radiographs (x-rays) confirmed two broken bones in the arm and one in the shoulder.  “Toby” will have surgery to correct the fractures.

“Rocky” was sleeping in the garage (the owner is a mechanic in Willis).  The lift was accidently lowered and a vehicle came down on the dog.  Fortunately, only minor scrapes and pain occurred, and with the help of medications, “Rocky” did fine.

The bond between pets and their owners is often very strong and we enjoy their company.  Please be very careful so that you can avoid similar instances like that of “Toby” and “Rocky”.

February 7, 2008

“Seizures”

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Seizures are a fairly common disorder in pets.  The entire body is involved in stiffness, followed by a loss of consciousness, and often resulting in urination or defecation.  The actual seizure is typically followed by a post-ictal period in which the pet is disoriented and often blind.  This period can last seconds to hours.

There are many causes of seizures.  They can result from trauma, tumors, infection, low blood sugar and toxins.  If a cause is not determined, these are called epileptic seizures.  Cocker Spaniels, Golden Retrievers, and Poodles are breeds which are predisposed to seizures.  If your pet has a seizure, it should be taken to your veterinarian immediately.  A comprehensive exam, blood tests, and possibly a referral to a neurologist for a CT scan or MRI are performed.

Not all pets with seizures are treated.  Usually medication is started when cluster seizures (those that happen over and over) occur, or when the incidence is more than once a month.  Phenobarbital is an inexpensive drug that has been used for many years for seizures.  Common side effects (which are often temporary) are sedation with excessive thirst and appetite.  Liver values need to be monitored to assess safety, and blood levels need to be checked to make sure the therapeutic dose is being administered.

Another prescription commonly used is KBR (potassium bromide).  This medication is theoretically safer, but takes longer to reach levels to control seizures.  KBR can be used by itself or in combination with Phenobarbital.

January 31, 2008

Obesity

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Obesity is the excessive accumulation of body fat.  Between 23 and 40 percent of our dogs and cats are considered obese.  Many owners don’t recognize that their pets are overweight because they have become obese slowly over time.  Signs of obesity include difficulty breathing, slow ambulation, lack of want to exercise and heat intolerance.

There are several causes of obesity.  This might result from simply over-eating (the main cause) in which more calories are taken in than are used.  Lack of exercise also leads to obesity.  Some medical conditions such as diabetes and hypothyroidism can lead to obesity.

Your veterinarian can assess your pet’s body condition score to determine if obesity is a concern and then establish the ideal weight for your pet.  The daily intake of food (meals, treats, and table food) should be analyzed and an exercise program will be recommended.  Sometimes, bloodwork is performed to diagnose any associated medical condition.

Weight loss can be achieved, but this must be a family effort.  First, admit the pet is obese, and then commit to weight loss. Rechecks, every 4 to 6 weeks, will aid in monitoring the weight loss progress.  An eight to twelve month time period is realistic for your pet to reach its ideal weight.

January 24, 2008

Myths

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Many myths and ideas about pets have been passed on through the years.  Some are merely old wives’ tales.  Here are some of the ones you may have heard before and the consequences that they may have for your pet.

Feeding raw eggs can improve a pet’s hair coat.  This is not entirely true.  Feeding raw eggs can be dangerous.  The best way to maintain a shiny coat is to feed a high quality diet and brush your pet regularly.

Use of garlic can prevent fleas.  This is not true.  This will only make your pet smell like garlic.  For the safest and most effective flea control, consult your veterinarian.

Do pets eat grass to make themselves vomit?  The reason they do this is unclear.  Most likely pets eat grass because they like it and as a result, they vomit.

 A cold, wet nose means the pet is healthy.  This is not true.  A pet’s nose is often cool and moist, but this does not necessarily indicate health.  It is possible for an animal’s nose to be cool and moist or dry and warm and they are either sick or well.   If your pet shows discomfort, lethargy or loss of appetite, have your pet examined by your veterinarian regardless of the condition of the nose. 

January 17, 2008

“Cloudy” Eyes

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

The main causes of a pet’s “cloudy” eyes are nuclear sclerosis and cataract formation.  The lens of the eye is encased in a capsule.  New layers of capsule are formed on top of the old layers throughout the pet’s life.  This causes the center of the lens to become denser, harder and somewhat cloudy.  This tint, referred to as nuclear sclerosis, will occur at 6 to 8 years of age.  Fortunately, vision is not significantly affected until the last stages of a dog’s life and no treatment is required. 

The normal lens is clear.  A cataract is an opacity of the lens which blocks the transmission of light to the retina.  There are many causes of cataracts, the most common being genetic or inherited.  They may also develop secondary to trauma, metabolic disease (diabetes), and with old age.  Cataracts can cause varying levels of vision impairment and may lead to blindness. Signs are a bluish, gray color change inside the eye, bumping into things and reluctance to use stairs or jump up onto objects.  A veterinarian can diagnose cataracts (and distinguish this from nuclear sclerosis).  A veterinary ophthalmologist can determine the cause of the cataract and if the pet is a candidate for surgical removal.

Whether you are dealing with nuclear sclerosis or cataracts, it is important to try and keep our pet’s environment consistent and predictable as they age.  Leave furniture in the same place, pick up objects, keep stairs and decks blocked off, and supervise pets closely outside.

January 10, 2008

Senior Cats

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

The oldest cat that I ever had as a patient was 27 years-old.  As our pets grow older, certain conditions of old age develop.  This can be perceived as success because our pets have actually lived long enough to reach this stage of life.  In this day and age, modern medicine has improved our pet’s longevity and quality of life.

The common geriatric conditions of cats include kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and dental disease.  During your cat’s annual or semi-annual exams, the veterinarian will ask about your pet’s eating, drinking, and elimination patterns.  It is important to know how often our cats go to the water bowl and to the litter box.  The weight should also be monitored.  Blood tests and good thorough exams will detect the above conditions. 

Kidney disease can be handled with fluids, special diets and supplements.  Hyperthyroidism can be treated with medication and radioactive iodine.  Diabetes can be controlled with insulin.  Dental disease can be lessened with periodic dental cleanings.

Please be proactive in respect to our geriatric cats.  Observe them closely for any signs or symptoms; and alert your veterinarian immediately to have the proper diagnosis and treatments initiated while therapy is still an option.

January 3, 2008

Arthritis

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

One out of every five dogs suffers from arthritis.  This might be because pets are now living longer than ever before.  Cartilage is responsible for the smooth, non-painful motion of joints.  When cartilage becomes worn, raw bone surfaces become exposed and rub together resulting in arthritis.  Signs are stiffness, reluctance to rise and walk, lameness, muscle atrophy, and cracking sounds (crepitus) upon manipulation of the joint.  Any age or breed can be affected but there are certain risk factors that increase a pet’s susceptibility.  Breeds such as Labradors, Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds are more at risk.  Obese pets are more likely to develop arthritis.  Trauma (being hit by a car) or chronic, high impact activity can also lead to this disease.

Diagnosis of arthritis is achieved by physical exam and radiographs (x-rays).  Exercise such as walking and swimming are good for arthritis as it helps to decrease weight and improve muscle tone.  Over the counter drugs used for people such as aspirin, ibuprofen and acetaminophen can be toxic and should not be used.  A number of newer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are available which primarily inhibit inflammation.  Supplements that contain glucosamine and chondroitin are also used.  Surgical intervention (total hip replacement) is also available.

December 27, 2008

Fireworks

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

We are all aware of firework safety for people and children, but we sometimes forget that our pets should also be considered.  Fireworks can serve as a physical danger as well as cause excessive fear in our pets.

Fireworks become hot very quickly.  Curious pets can sniff or attempt to ingest lit fireworks resulting in severe burns of the face, mouth or even paws.  Even when unlit, ingesting fireworks can be quite dangerous, even lethal.  In addition, many fireworks have projectile capabilities and if used inappropriately, can hit the pet causing trauma and burns.

Fear of fireworks is not uncommon in pets.  They might retreat to far corners of the darkest closet or under beds.  A fearful pet might freeze, pace, pant, tremble, bark or even injure themselves in their attempt to escape.  To avoid this, bring pets indoors, put them in dark rooms with a radio or television on to distract them.  In severe cases, your veterinarian might prescribe anti-anxiety medication.

Fireworks can be a great addition to New Years (as well as July 4^th) celebrations.  Please remember that pets might not choose to participate in these festivities.

12/20/07                                                             

Picking a Puppy

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

A puppy is basically a baby dog.  But remember, the puppy will grow into an adult and bring with it, 10 to 15 years of serious responsibility including emotional highs and lows, expense, and hard work.  Before selecting a puppy, make sure that you are ready to take on this responsibility.  Adopting a puppy that you are not equipped to raise, train, and manage for the dog’s entire life is not fair to the pet. 

There are several sources to look into when searching for your new companion.  Shelters are usually good places to find puppies.  Very clean, established and reputable pet stores can also be investigated.  Keep in mind that these pets have been transported and exposed to potential illnesses from other dogs.  Thus, there is a risk to the puppies’ health and temperaments from experiencing such systems during critical developmental stages.  There are also many good, reputable breeders.  Inspect the breeder’s facility and puppy lines.  Request recommendations from previous customers and get a written health-sale guarantee.

Getting a puppy on a deadline (like for Christmas) is usually not a good idea.  This is the wrong time to find a puppy and few of us have the necessary time to take on the extra work and lack of sleep.  In the months following the holidays, a lot of people who didn’t do their research properly are giving up these newly acquired puppies. Therefore, after the first of the year may be the best time to adopt.

December 13, 2007 

A “Unique” Experience

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Early one morning a few weeks ago, I received a call from a person in Florida.  The caller found a patient of mine with a Willis Animal Clinic rabies tag on its collar.  Upon looking up the number, the rabies tag was registered to a Jack Russell Terrier named “Unique.”  The owners of the dog have a house in Montgomery County as well as a home in Florida.  The owners themselves had found “Unique” two years ago when she showed up as a stray.  While in their possession, she had escaped and was returned once before.

We attempted to call the only phone number on file and left a detailed message in hopes that the owner would contact us.  Our prayers were answered when the owner and the Good Samaritan were brought together and “Unique” was returned home yet again.

This true story reminds us how important it is to keep ID and rabies tags on your pet, and how a permanent pet ID system such as a microchip can help reunite pets with their owners.  Your veterinarian should also have multiple phone numbers and alternate contact numbers that are up to date.  See your veterinarian if you are interested in finding out more about microchips.

December 6, 2007

Hairballs

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

If you own a cat, you need to be familiar with hairballs.  Medically known as “trichobezoar,” a hairball is a wad of undigested, wet hair that is usually shaped more like a sausage than a ball.  All cats are susceptible, but long-haired cats are more at risk simply because they have more and longer hair.

As cats groom themselves, their raspy tongues loosen dead hair.  Since a cat’s tongue is a rough surface, hair will stick to it.  If the cat cannot spit out the hair, then it is swallowed.  Most of the hair will pass through the digestive tract, but sometimes it stays in the stomach or intestinal tract.  Common symptoms include coughing, vomiting, or constipation.  In severe cases, surgery is necessary to remove the wad of hair.

Prevention is the key.  Frequent grooming will reduce the amount of hair you cat can ingest.  Wipe down your cat with a damp cloth after grooming to remove more hair.  Petroleum-based products are available that act as a laxative and lubricant.  There are also treats and foods on the market which help to prevent hairball formation.  If you suspect that you cat is having troubles with hairballs, contact your veterinarian.

November 29, 2007

Leptospirosis

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Leptospirosis is a disease that is diagnosed in people and animals.  This bacterial organism is found in bodies of water and moist soil or vegetation that has be contaminated by the urine of infected mice, rats, raccoons, and other wildlife as well as livestock.  Lakes, ponds, flooded areas, wet soil or grass are all potential sources of the infection.  Dogs become infected when the bacteria enters the bloodstream  through a cut in the skin or through the mucous membranes.

The Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab has reported an increase in this disease in central and east Texas.  Flu-like symptoms are common including fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and dehydration.  In severe cases, the disease leads to kidney and liver failure and possibly death.  Leptospirosis is diagnosed based on clinical signs and blood and urine tests.  The disease can usually be effectively treated with a combination of intravenous fluids and antibiotics.

It is important to remember that Lepto can be transmitted from animals to humans.  Protection and prevention can be achieved by new vaccines.  Talk to your veterinarian if you have a question about this disease and how to incorporate the vaccine into your dog’s routine exam.

November 22, 2007

Thanksgiving with Your Pet

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Dietary changes frequently lead to loose stools and other digestive problems.  Do not feed bones.  Even well-cooked bones can be a choking hazard as well as cause intestinal bleeding, perforation or obstruction.  Do not feed rich or fatty foods (dark meat, turkey skin, butter coated vegetables).  These types of foods can lead to pancreatitis, which results in vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and possibly death. 

If you insist on sharing, there are a few things that will probably be acceptable: a small piece of white turkey meat cut up and mixed with your pet’s regular diet; or cooked vegetables are alright as long as butter and salt are left out.  Do not feed from the table as this will result in this bad habit for life. 

In closing, if you insist on letting your pets indulge, you will probably be seeing your veterinarian for treatment for your pet.

 November 15, 2007

Why is My Pet Scooting?

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

There is an old wives’ tale that worms cause dogs and cats to scoot, but this is usually not the case.  If your pet is exhibiting this behavior, then it most likely has a problem with its anal sacs (also called anal glands).  Anal sacs are two small glands located just inside your pet’s anus.  The glands secrete a thick, foul smelling material which is usually emptied voluntarily with normal defecation, or in response to fear or excitement.

Some dogs and cats lose their ability to empty the glands, resulting in the sacs becoming impacted and uncomfortable.  The pet will then scoot on its rear, lick its hind area or chase its tail.  If this progresses, an abscess (which can rupture) will form.  Your veterinarian should be consulted if this occurs.

It seems that smaller breeds have more problems with anal glands than larger breeds.  A pet owner can be taught to express the glands, although most people choose to let the groomer or veterinary assistant perform this task.  A high fiber diet can produce a bulkier stool and help to prevent future occurrences.  As a last resort, the glands can be removed by a skilled surgeon.

As a last resort, the glands can be removed by a skilled surgeon.

November 8, 2007

Kennel Cough

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contibuting Columnist)

You might think your dog has something caught in its throat, but this is probably the cough associated with infectious tracheobronchitis (known as kennel cough).  Kennel cough is a highly contagious inflammation and infection of the trachea (wind pipe) caused by various viruses or bacteria (especially Bordatella).  The disease is associated most often with dogs in high density populations (like kennels, grooming facilities, public parks, animal shelters or dog shows).  The infectious agents are transmitted through the air or by direct contact with contaminated surfaces.

Signs can be mild to severe with young and old dogs at greatest risk.  Symptoms include red eyes, runny nose, fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite.  The classic symptom is a loud, dry, harsh cough which worsens with activity or excitement.  The pet might retch or vomit after coughing, and can develop secondary pneumonia.

The therapy is varied and somewhat controversial.  Usually a cough suppressant and an antibiotic are prescribed.  Occasionally, an anti-inflammatory agent is used to hasten recovery.  The intensity of the symptoms and/or the likelihood of your pet contracting the disease can be lessened with vaccination. The vaccine comes in two forms: an injectible dosage and an intranasal dosage.  Please see your veterinarian for more information about the prevention and treatment of kennel cough.

November 1, 2007

Letting a Pet Go

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

Being a veterinarian, we must periodically perform euthanasia.  Although saddening, it is a very important part of our profession.  We can let our pets go with dignity and relieve their suffering.  I include this essay in a card to all of my clients who made the difficult choice of putting their pet to sleep.

Dogs Don't Have Souls, Do They?

By Chuck Wells of Palmyra, N.Y.

I remember bringing you home. You were so small and cuddly with your tiny paws and soft fur.

You bounced around the room with eyes flashing and ears flopping.
Once in a while, you'd let out a little yelp just to let me know this was your territory.

Making a mess of the house and chewing on everything in sight became a passion, and when I scolded you, you just put your head down and looked up at me with those innocent eyes, as if to say, "I'm sorry, but I'll do it again as soon as you're not watching."

As you got older, you moved around more slowly. Then, one day, old age finally took its toll, and you couldn't stand on those wobbly legs anymore. I knelt down and patted you lying there, trying to make you young again. You just looked up at me as if to say you were old and tired and that after all these years of not asking for anything, you had to ask me for one last favor.       

With tears in my eyes, I drove you one last time to the vet.  One last time, you were lying next to me.  For some strange reason, you were able to stand up in the animal hospital, perhaps it was your sense of pride.

As the vet led you away, you stopped for an instant, turned your head and looked at me as if to say, "Thank you for taking care of me.”

I thought, "No, thank you for taking care of me."

October 25, 2007

Chocolate is NOT a Treat for Your Pet

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)

With Halloween just around the corner, I thought it would be appropriate to address the dangers of chocolate.  The caffeine and theobromine in chocolate can be toxic to your pet if consumed in high amounts.  The level of these compounds varies with white chocolate having the lowest concentration and baking chocolate having the highest.

The high fat content in chocolate can result in vomiting and diarrhea.  At toxic levels, the stimulant effect becomes apparent.  Signs are restlessness, hyperactivity, muscle twitching, increased urination and panting.  The heart rate increases and seizure activity may occur.

If a pet owner witnesses or suspects the ingestion of chocolate, prompt veterinary care is essential.  Treatment will depend on the severity of the clinical signs.  Your pet may be induced to vomit the chocolate and charcoal may be given to absorb the toxins.  In addition, intravenous fluids will be started to flush the system as well as enable anticonvulsants to be given if seizures occur.  Most pets treated for chocolate toxicity recover and return to normal 24 to 48 hours after treatment.

So after Halloween on October 31^st, as well as Christmas and Valentine’s Day, please do not give this treat to your pet.  Place all chocolate in a safe, pet free area to avoid accidental ingestion.

October 11, 2007 

Stopping Your Pet's Itching 

By Brian Hablinski, DVM

(Contributing Columnist)